Bradley effect
Bradley effect
White candidate bias in voter opinion polls.
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Readers' pathsAug 2026 – Oct 2026
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George Deukmejian
Governor of California from 1983 to 1991.
19%
Shy Tory factor
Phenomenon observed in opinion polling.
19%
1982 California gubernatorial election
19%
Spiral of silence
Political science and mass communication theory.
16%
Tom Bradley (mayor)
American politician (1917–1998).
10%
Douglas Wilder
American politician (born 1931).
2.3%
2018 Florida gubernatorial election
1.6%
Silent majority
Concept in politics.
1.5%
Harold Ford Jr.
American politician (born 1970).
1.4%
2003 Louisiana gubernatorial election
1.3%
Readers come from
Share of the 1,606 readers arriving from another article
Tom Bradley (mayor)
American politician (1917–1998).
27%
1982 California gubernatorial election
12%
Leslie Parrish
American actress (1935–2025).
11%
Michelle Obama
First Lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017.
10%
Shy Tory factor
Phenomenon observed in opinion polling.
7.6%
Douglas Wilder
American politician (born 1931).
5.2%
Silent majority
Concept in politics.
5.1%
Jesse Jackson 1988 presidential campaign
American political campaign.
5%
Self-censorship
Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse.
2.4%
Spiral of silence
Political science and mass communication theory.
1.6%